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</html>";s:4:"text";s:11759:"<p>Although the United Nations officially considers Morocco and the Polisario Front as the main parties to the conflict, former UN Secretary-General Mr. Kofi Annan viewed Algeria as a stakeholder in the Western Sahara conflict and has invited Algeria, "to engage as a party in these discussions and to negotiate, under the auspices of my Kofi Annan's Personal Envoy". At first glance, it would seem like nothing has changed since 1991. It also committed to organise a referendum of self-determination for the Sahrawis. In 1979, Mauritania withdrew its forces from the disputed territory, and the Polisario Front and Morocco reached a ceasefire agreement in 1991. </p> <p>Citing the Spanish approach to regional autonomy, the Moroccan government plans to model any future agreement after the cases of the Canary Islands, Basque Country, Andalusia or Catalonia. He serves as a senior analyst for the Foreign Policy in Focus project of the Institute for Policy Studies. Western Sahara: War, Nati... The conflict originated from an insurgency by the Polisario Front against Spanish colonial forces from 1973 to 1975 and the subsequent Western Sahara War against Morocco between 1975 and 1991. The questions of mutual recognition, establishment of a possible Sahrawi state and the large numbers of Sahrawi refugees displaced by the conflict are among the key issues of the ongoing Western Sahara peace process. </p> <p>Causes and consequences", "UNHCR – Western Sahara Atlas Map – June 2006", "UN must monitor human rights in Western Sahara and Sahrawi refugee camps", "World Report 2019: Rights Trends in Morocco/Western Sahara", "UN peacekeeping force in Western Sahara must urgently monitor human rights", "Morocco/Western Sahara: Investigate brutal crackdown on Sahrawi protesters", "RSF Report: Western Sahara, A News Blackhole | Reporters without borders", "VP/HR - Human rights violations in Laayoune, Western Sahara", "Morocco/Western Sahara: Law Misused to Silence Reporters", "PSIB critica la expulsión de Marruecos de los abogados que querían asistir como observadores al juicio contra Khalidi", "Morocco/Western Sahara: Video Captured Police Violence", "Analysis | Video contradicts Morocco's justification of a brutal beating in Western Sahara", "Algeria/Western Sahara: Three Dissidents Behind Bars", "Morocco / Western Sahara : Judicial harassment | Reporters without borders", Sudanese nomadic conflicts (2009–present), Sudanese conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile (2011–present), Communal conflicts in Nigeria (1998–present), Lord's Resistance Army insurgency (1987–present), Eritrean–Ethiopian border conflict (2000–2018), Allied Democratic Forces insurgency (1996–present), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Western_Sahara_conflict&oldid=978099910, Articles with Spanish-language sources (es), Articles lacking reliable references from June 2011, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2012, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2010, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. In July 2019 the Polisario Front arrested three Saharawi activists within the refugee camps for criticizing the Polisario Front's governance in Facebook Posts. [citation needed]. It has relied on Algerian support for decades and, while it is likely that Algiers will continue to support the Sahrawis’ self-determination case, it is unclear how far it is willing to go. As this conflict receives limited international attention, the recent book Western Sahara: War, Nationalism and Conflict Irresolution is a welcome addition to the literature on both the region and conflict studies. Today most of the territory of Western Sahara is under Moroccan control, while the inland parts are governed by the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, managed by the Polisario Front. Morocco continues to propose autonomy for the territory as the solution to the conflict, while the Polisario Front insists on nothing other than complete independence. Number of names for this war in the Online Memorial Collection: All wars since 1900
 However, unrest lingered among the region's population, and in 1967 the Harakat Tahrir arose to challenge Spanish rule peacefully. By 1999 the UN had identified about 85,000 voters, with nearly half of them in the Moroccan-controlled parts of Western Sahara or Southern Morocco, and the others scattered between the Tindouf refugee camps, Mauritania and other locations throughout the world. Guelta Zemmour (Centre of Western Sahara) and Amgala. -- Mauritania, History, Ould Daddah, 1957 Trouver tous les livres, en savoir plus sur l'auteur. </p> <p>The War in Western Sahara. Its first Secretary General was El-Ouali Mustapha Sayed. Morocco’s tactics have centred on diplomacy. </p> <p>The settled population was referred to as Saharawis. [18] On January 27, the first battle of Amgala erupted between Morocco and POLISARIO, lasting 3 days. Unlike the Organization of African Unity which has strongly backed Western Sahara's right to self-determination, the Arab League has shown little interest in the area. Rabat hopes it can push those who oppose to reconsider their options in favour of Western Sahara becoming an autonomous region, and weakening the possibility of changes being made to its Autonomy Plan. [61] An additional round of talks was held from 18 to 19 March 2008, but once again no major agreement was reached. Morocco faced heavy burdens due to the economic costs of its massive troop deployments along the Wall.  war and human rights. 	Articles and news, UCDP: "The territory known as Western Sahara was annexed by Spain in 1884 and the province of Spanish Sahara was created in 1958 by the merger of the southern Rio de Oro and the northern Saguia el Hamra colonies. El Hiba's forces were defeated during a failed campaign to conquer Marrakesh, and in retaliation French colonial forces destroyed the holy city of Smara in 1913. After attempting in vain to gain backing from several Arab governments, including both Algeria and Morocco itself, the movement only succeeded in obtaining support from Libya and Mauritania. Découvrez les avantages de l'application Amazon. </p> <p>Despite multiple peace initiatives through the 1990s and early 2000s, the conflict reemerged as the "Independence Intifada" in 2005; a series of disturbances, demonstrations and riots, which broke out in May 2005 in the Moroccan-held portions of Western Sahara, and lasted until November of that same year. The World Court at the Hague had issued its verdict on the former Spanish colony just weeks before, which each party interpreted as confirming its rights on the disputed territory. of the Orient--Encyclopedia of the CIA World Factbook site. English, French, Italian, Portuguese and Spanish. Sahara Occidental guerre; Une partie de la conflit du Sahara Occidental: Carte du Sahara occidental; la ligne rouge est l'armée berme construit par le Maroc: Rendez-vous amoureux: 30 Octobre 1975-6 Septembre 1991 (15 ans, 10 mois et 1 semaine) Emplacement: Sahara occidental. </p> <p>Moroccan government organized the Green March of some 350,000 Moroccan citizens,[18] escorted by around 20,000 troops, who entered Western Sahara, trying to establish Moroccan presence. Since its return, Rabat has managed to garner support from 28 member states to push (unsuccessfully, so far) for the SADR’s expulsion. </p> <p>In the parts of the territory controlled by Rabat, Sahrawis face systematic repression by the authorities. (Related conflicts that occur later). Courrier de France - L'Echo de POLISARIO. [citation needed] At this point, the maximum extent of the Polisario Front's manpower included perhaps 800 men, but they were backed by a larger network of supporters. </p> <p>In 1971, a group of young Sahrawi students in the universities of Morocco began organizing what came to be known as The Embryonic Movement for the Liberation of Saguia el-Hamra and Rio de Oro. [citation needed] The 1975 United Nations visiting mission to Spanish Sahara, headed by Simeon Aké, concluded that Sahrawi support for independence (as opposed to Spanish rule or integration with a neighboring country) amounted to an "overwhelming consensus" and that the Polisario Front was by far the most powerful political force in the country.[22]. Years of military affront between Morocco and the Polisario followed, leading to Morocco controlling 80% of the territory until the United Nations (UN) intervened. </p> <p>Sahara occidental- 27 février 1978- Reportage sur le Front POLISARIO, mouvement politique et armé de lutte contre l'occupation espagnole, opposé au Maroc: lors d'un défilé militaire du POLISARIO, un soldat en uniforme militaire blanc, coiffé d'une casquette, une mitraillette en main, un groupement d'hommes de son régiment en arrière-plan dans le désert. P. 12", "United – France Libertés – The Conditions of Detentions of the Moroccan POWs Detained in Tindouf (Algeria). drove the Mauritanians out of the war on August 5, 1979, allowing After the completion of the Spanish withdrawal, and in application of the Madrid Accords in 1976, Morocco took over the Saguia El Hamra and the northern two thirds of the territory, while Mauritania took control of the southern third. </p> <p>[15] While at first met with just minor resistance by the POLISARIO, Morocco later engaged a long period of guerilla warfare with the Sahrawi nationalists. 1991 Tifariti offensive was the last military operation in Western Sahara War launched by Moroccan forces and its allies against the Sahrawi guerrilla fighters of the Polisario Front. </p> <p>Human Rights Watch called on the Moroccan government to amend the article to ensure it did not apply to journalists. </p> <p>[citation needed]. [citation needed]. The ceasefire has held, but there still has not been a referendum. from a Spanish fishing vessel that had been previously detained by a Moroccan patrol boat. (s/2001/613 Paragraph 54)", "Sahara Marathon: Host Interview Transcript", "US Ambassador urges dialogue between Morocco and Algeria", "The Polisario Front – Credible Negotiations Partner or After Effect of the Cold War and Obstacle to a Political Solution in Western Sahara? entry on Western Sahara. The refugee camps are located in Algeria and the country has armed, trained, and financed the Polisario for more than thirty years. Pitting local nationalist determination against Moroccan territorial ambitions, the dispute is further complicated by regional tensions with Algeria and the geo-strategic concerns of major global players, including the United States, France, and the territory’s former colonial … </p> <p>The United Nations did not recognize the accord, considering Spain as the administrative power of the territory. [38] In March 2003 Khaled Nezzar, an Algerian retired general, referred to the conflict as being an issue only between Morocco and Algeria. </p> <p>[74], As early as 1979, the idea of a defensive wall has been an obvious one for the Moroccan authorities. French forces defeated him when he tried to conquer Marrakesh, and in retaliation destroyed the holy city of Smara in 1913[citation needed]. "[19], The Western Sahara Berm, also known as the Moroccan Wall, is an approximately 2,700 km-long defensive structure consisting primarily of sand running through Western Sahara and the southeastern portion of Morocco. </p> <p>World Its first Secretary General was El-Ouali Mustapha Sayed. [65] Currently the position of United Nations envoy to Western Sahara is empty and the Security Counsel is actively seeking a replacement. 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